Introduction

Building restoration describes a particular treatment approach
and philosophy within the field of architectural conservation.
According to the U.S. Secretary of Interior's standards,
"Restoration is said as the act or process of accurately depicting
the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at
a particular period of time by means of the removal of features
from other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing
features from the restoration period. The limited and sensitive
upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other
code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate
within a restoration project."
In the United States restoration is different from preservation
(American English, conservation in British English) by allowing the
removal of historic materials to create an accurate portrayal of a
particular time period, not necessarily the original or final time
periods.
In the field of historic preservation, building restoration is the
action or process of accurately revealing, recovering or representing
the state of a historic building, as it appeared at a particular
period in its history, while protecting its heritage value.
Restoration work may be performed to reverse decay, or alterations
made to the building(s).
Since Historic Building Conservation is more about fostering a
deep appreciation for these famous structures and learning more
about why they exist, rather than just keeping historic structures
standing tall and looking as beautiful as ever, true historic
building preservation aims for a high level of authenticity,
accurately replicating historic materials and techniques as much
as possible, ideally using modern techniques only in a concealed
manner where they will not compromise the historic character of
the structure's appearance.
For instance a restoration might involve the replacement of
outdated heating and cooling systems with newer ones, or the
installation of climate controls that never existed at the time
of building after careful study.

Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st
century. No single style is dominant; contemporary architects are
working in a dozen different styles, from postmodernism and high-tech
high-tech architecture to highly conceptual and expressive styles,
resembling sculpture on an enormous scale. The different styles and
approaches have in common the use of very advanced technology and
modern building materials, such as Tube structure which allows
construction of the buildings that are taller, lighter and stronger
than those in the 20th century, and the use of new techniques of
computer-aided design, which allow buildings to be designed and
modeled on computers in three dimensions, and constructed with more
precision and speed.
Contemporary buildings are designed to be noticed and to
astonish. Some feature concrete structures wrapped in glass or
aluminum screens, very asymmetric facades, and cantilevered sections
which hang over the street.
Skyscrapers twist, or break into crystal-like facets.
Facades are designed to shimmer or change color at different times
of day. Whereas the major monuments of modern architecture in
the 20th century were mostly concentrated in the United States
and western Europe, contemporary architecture is global; important
new buildings have been built in China, Russia, Latin America, and
particularly in the Gulf States of the Middle East.

Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the interior
of a building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing
environment for the people using the space. An interior designer
is someone who plans, researches, coordinates, and manages such
projects.
Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual
development, space planning, site inspections, programming, research,
communicating with the stakeholders of a project, construction
management, and execution of the design.

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned
with the development and design of land use and the built
environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure
passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation,
communications, and distribution networks.[1] Urban planning
deals with physical layout of human settlements.[2] The primary
concern is the public welfare, which includes considerations
of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment,
as well as effects on social and economic activities. Urban
planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes
social, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to
the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs
for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning,
regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning,
urban development or some combination in various areas worldwide.
Urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban
and rural areas. Although predominantly concerned with the planning
of settlements and communities, urban planning is also responsible
for the planning and development of water use and resources,
rural and agricultural land, parks and conserving areas of natural
environmental significance. Practitioners of urban planning are
concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking,
architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy
recommendations, implementation and management.
Enforcement methodologies include governmental zoning, planning
permissions, and building codes, as well as private easements
and restrictive covenants.
Urban planners work with the cognate fields of architecture,
landscape architecture, civil engineering, and public administration
to achieve strategic, policy and sustainability goals. Early urban
planners were often members of these cognate fields. Today urban
planning is a separate, independent professional discipline.
The discipline is the broader category that includes different
sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development,
environmental planning, and transportation planning

Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems
serving a country, city, or other area, including the services
and facilities necessary for its economy to function.
Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical
improvements such as roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply,
sewers,electrical grids, and telecommunications (including
Internet connectivity and broadband speeds).
In general, it has also been defined as "the physical
components of interrelated systems providing commodities
and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal
living conditions".
There are two general types of ways to view infrastructure,
hard or soft.
Hard infrastructure refers to the physical networks necessary
for the functioning of a modern industry.
This includes roads, bridges, railways, etc. Soft infrastructure
refers to all the institutions that maintain the economic,health,
social, and cultural standards of a country. This includes
educational programs, official statistics, parks and recreational
facilities, law enforcement agencies, and emergency services.
The word infrastructure has been used in English since 1887 and
in French since 1875, originally meaning "The installations that
form the basis for any operation or system".
The word was imported from French, where it means subgrade,
the native material underneath a constructed pavement or railway.
The word is a combination of the Latin prefix "infra", meaning
"below" and many of these constructions are underground,
for example, tunnels, water and gas systems, and railways.
The army use of the term achieved currency in the United States
after the formation of NATO in the 1940s, and by 1970 was
adopted by urban planners in its modern civilian sense.